Research Article
Baek, K., & Chang, Y. (2024). A study on the scope of work of physician assistant nurses and unlicensed medical practice. Ilkam Law Review, 57, 163-189. https://doi.org/10.35148/ilsilr.2024..57.163
10.35148/ilsilr.2024..57.163Bakker, A. B., Killmer, C. H., Siegrist, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). Effort–reward imbalance and burnout among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(4), 884-891. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01361.x
10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01361.xBeaton, M., Edwards, A., Vogel, W., Mistry, H., Kottschade, L., Toth, S., Johnson, D., & Koniarczyk, H. (2025). Supporting administrative time for advanced practitioners: A comprehensive approach. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 16(4), 143-148. https://doi.org/10.6004/jadpro.2025.16.4.3
10.6004/jadpro.2025.16.4.340771751PMC12322939Blytt, K. M., Bjorvatn, B., Moen, B. E., Pallesen, S., Harris, A., & Waage, S. (2022). The association between shift work disorder and turnover intention among nurses. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00928-9
10.1186/s12912-022-00928-935668393PMC9169346Boamah, S. A., & Laschinger, H. K. S. (2016). The influence of areas of worklife fit and work-life interference on burnout and turnover intentions among new graduate nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(2), 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12318
10.1111/jonm.12318Bruce, J. C., & Phetlhu, D. R. (2024). Future-proofing nursing scholarship and nursing education: A critical analysis of nurse educator preparation for higher education. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 21, 100797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2024.100797
10.1016/j.ijans.2024.100797Chan, G. K., Torres, M., Sathe, N. A., & Vongxaiburana, E. (2021). An organizational initiative to assess and improve well-being in advanced practice providers. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 24, 100441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2021.100469
10.1016/j.xjep.2021.100469Cho, M. S., Cho, Y. A., Kim, K. H., Kwon, I. G., Kim, M. S., & Lee Jung Lim. (2015). Development of Clinical Ladder System Model for Nurses: For Tertiary Care Hospitals. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research, 21(3), 277-292.
Choi, S. J., & Kim, M. Y. (2024). Legal and practical solutions for the expanding the roles of medical support staff nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 54(3), 300-310. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24075
10.4040/jkan.24075Choi, S. J., Lee, J. H., Jeon, M. K., Kim, E. S., Ok, O. N., & Song, A. Y. (2024). Evaluation of the implementation status and effects of the nurse duty-related pilot program: A mixed-methods study. Final Research Report, Hospital Nurses Association.
Cooke, A., Eirich, R., & Gilbert, L. (2024). Nurse burnout and patient safety outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 7(2), e240112.
Dall’Ora, C., Ball, J., Reinius, M., & Griffiths, P. (2020). Burnout in nursing: A theoretical review. Human Resources for Health, 18(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00469-9
10.1186/s12960-020-00469-932503559PMC7273381Dickerman, K. N., Chao, C. A., Rondinelli, N. M., Brackett, H. L., Schulte, M. M., Bowden, K. R., Burden, M. A., Chrastil, H. J., Morrison, K. T., Jensen, K. M., & Seggelke, S. A. (2025). Voices from the frontline: Perspectives from certified nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists and physician assistants at an academic medical center. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 37(4), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000001111
10.1097/JXX.0000000000001111Eom, J. H., Chae, Y. R., & Kim, M. S. (2023). Physician assistant (PA) nurses’ experience of role adaptation. Journal of Korean Association for Qualitative Research, 8(2), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.48000/KAQRKR.2023.8.167
10.48000/KAQRKR.2023.8.167Han, M. J., & Choi, S. Y. (2024). Relationship between occupational stress and organizational commitment of physician assistant nurses: Mediating effect of positive psychological capital. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 30(4), 357-366. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2024.30.4.357
10.11111/jkana.2024.30.4.357Hong, J. H., Kwon, E. J., Oh, E. S., Yoon, M. H., Lee, G. M., & Kim, H. W. (2025). Survey on the current status of hospital nurse staffing in 2025. Hospital Nurses Association. Research Report. https://khna.or.kr/home/pds/utilities.php?bo_table=board1&wr_id=8145
Hooker, R. S., & Cawley, J. F. (2020). Public policies that shaped the American physician assistant. Health Policy Open, 1(1), 100012
10.1016/j.hpopen.2020.10001432984813PMC7505869Jang, T. U., & Choi, E. J. (2016). Relationships between occupational stress, burnout, and job satisfaction of physician assistants. Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing, 30(1), 122-134. https://doi.org/10.5932/JKPHN.2016.30.1.122
10.5932/JKPHN.2016.30.1.122Japan Nursing Association. (n.d.). 資格認定制度 [Credentialing System]. Retrieved December 4, 2025, from https://www.nurse.or.jp/nursing/qualification/
Jeong, H. S., & Choi, S. Y. (2020). The mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between role conflict and burnout in physician assistant nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 26(2), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2020.26.2.142
10.11111/jkana.2020.26.2.142Jun, J., Ojemeni, M. M., Kalamani, R., Tong, J., & Crecelius, M. L. (2021). Relationship between nurse burnout, patient and organizational outcomes: Systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 119, 103933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103933
10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103933Kim, J. Y. (2023, December 18). Variability in physician assistant nurses in Korea… Implications from the Japanese certified nurse system. Young Doctors. https://www.docdocdoc.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=3012361
Kim, K. H., Ju, H. O., & Park, S. Y. (2022). Working difficulties experienced by physician assistants. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 28(2), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2022.28.2.67
10.11111/jkana.2022.28.2.67Kim, M. Y., Choi, S. J., Kim, J. H., Han, J. E., Choi, E. J., Hong, J. H., & Yoon, M. H. (2023). A study on appropriate operation of physician assistant tasks performed by nurses. Research Report, Hospital Nurses Association.
Kim, M. Y., Choi, S. J., Seol, M., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. Y., & Byun, S. J. (2017). The current status of professional medical support staffs in medical institutions with over 500 beds. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research, 23(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.22650/JKCNR.2017.23.2.131
10.22650/JKCNR.2017.23.2.131Kim, S., Ryu, M. J., & Kim, A. (2022). The role experience of clinical practice nurses in a university hospital. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 34(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2022.34.1.15
10.7475/kjan.2022.34.1.15Kim, W. (2011). Current status and issues of physician assistant–like workforce in Korea. Research Institute for Healthcare Policy Korean Medical Association, 9(3), 146-149.
Kim, Y. M. (2019). A study on the future nursing manpower utilization plan: US nurse training program implications for the improvement of Korean legal system. Law Journal, 30(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.34267/cblj.2019.30.2.1
10.34267/cblj.2019.30.2.1Kwak, C. Y., & Park, J. A. (2014). Current roles and administrative facts of the Korean physician assistant. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 14(10), 583-595. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.10.583
10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.10.583Lee, S.-H., & Kim, N. R. (2025). The effects of presenteeism, burnout, and nursing performance on retention intention among nurses at an intensive care unit. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 31(3), 269-279. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2024.0058
10.11111/jkana.2024.0058Lim, S. M. (2024, September 4). What follows after the passage of the Nursing Act?… The direction of the PA nurse system remains undecided. Medical Times. https://www.medicaltimes.com/Main/News/NewsView.html?ID=1160351
Lim, Y. S., & Kang, K. A. (2017). Job satisfaction of male physician assistants: A mixed methods study. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing, 26(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.5807/kjohn.2017.26.2.93
10.5807/kjohn.2017.26.2.93Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
10.1002/job.4030020205Ministry of Government Legislation. (2024, September 20). Nursing Act (Act No. 20445). National Law Information Center. https://www.law.go.kr
Ministry of Government Legislation. (2025). Medical Service Act [Act No. 20817]. https://www.law.go.kr
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2025a). Public hearing on institutionalizing physician assistant tasks following the enactment of the Nursing Act. https://www.mohw.go.kr/board.es?mid=a10503010100&bid=0027&act=view&list_no=1486040
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2025b). Promoting the institutionalization of physician assistant tasks to enhance collaboration and professionalism in healthcare settings. https://www.mohw.go.kr/board.es?act=view&bid=0027&list_no=1487556&mid=a10503000000
Moon, H. (2020). An integrated study on the current status and improvement direction of physician assistants. The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology, 6(3), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.17703/JCCT.2020.6.3.159
10.17703/JCCT.2020.6.3.159Na, N. R. (2025). A study on the current status and development direction of advanced practice nurses and physician assistant nurses: Based on Millerson's characteristics of professionalism. Journal of the Health Care and Life Science, 13(2), 391-401. https://doi.org/10.22961/JHCLS.2025.13.2.391
10.22961/JHCLS.2025.13.2.391NHS Employers. (2020). Improving retention at all stages of nurses’ careers: United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust. https://www.nhsemployers.org/case-studies/improving-retention-all-stages-nurses-careers
Norful, A. A., He, Y., Rosenfeld, A., Abraham, C. M., & Chang, B. (2022). Mitigating primary care provider burnout with interdisciplinary dyads and shared care delivery. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 28(3), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13642
10.1111/jep.13642OAAPN. (2023). History of nurse practitioners in the United States. https://oaapn.org/2023/06/history-of-nurse-practitioners-in-the-united-states/
Park, E. (2025, March 14). Deepening regional healthcare gaps despite government measures: Ongoing concerns over effectiveness. Medipana News. https://www.medipana.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=338749
Seitz, R. M., Robertson, J., Moran, T. P., Zdradzinski, M. J., Kaltiso, S.-A. O., Heron, S., & Lall, M. D. (2022). Emergency medicine nurse practitioner and physician assistant burnout, perceived stress, and utilization of wellness resources during 2020 in a large urban medical center. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 44(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/TME.0000000000000392
10.1097/TME.0000000000000392Seo, K. H., Yang, T. Y., Park, N. G., & Park, J. E. (2025). Effects of role conflict, work environment, and meaning of work on job embeddedness among physician assistants. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 31(3), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2025.0011
10.11111/jkana.2025.0011Seoul Nurses Association. (2024, July 22). Notice on revisions to the supplementary guidelines II for the nurse duty-related pilot program [Notice]. https://www.seoulnurse.or.kr/posts/9/1303?menuId=41&page=1
Shin, H. W., Ko, D. S., Yeo, N. G., Kim, H. N., Ok, M. S., Lee, S. I., Jung, H. S., & Yoon, S. J. (2025). A study on the national healthcare reform plan centered on citizens (Research Report No. 2025-016). Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. https://repository.kihasa.re.kr/handle/201002/47944
Yang, T. Y., & Lee, N. (2025). Role transformation and adaptation of physician assistants during the 2024 medical workforce shortage: A phenomenological study. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 31(3), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2025.0016
10.11111/jkana.2025.0016Yoon, S. J. (2022). A review and implication of international trends for the definition and scope of physician assistant. Global Social Security Review, 2022(Spring), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.23063/2022.03.1
10.23063/2022.03.1- Publisher :The Korean Society of Living Environmental System
- Publisher(Ko) :한국생활환경학회
- Journal Title :Journal of The Korean Society of Living Environmental System
- Journal Title(Ko) :한국생활환경학회
- Volume : 33
- No :2
- Pages :188-203
- Received Date : 2026-03-06
- Revised Date : 2026-04-10
- Accepted Date : 2026-04-17
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.21086/ksles.2026.4.33.2.188


Journal of The Korean Society of Living Environmental System








