• Research Article

    Reliability Evaluation of LLM-as-a-Judge–Based Literature Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Approaches Using Domestic BEMS Research

    LLM as a Judge 기반 문헌 분류 기법의 신뢰도 검증: 국내 BEMS 연구 문헌 대상의 제로샷과 퓨샷 비교 분석

    Seon-Woo Kim, Byeong-Il Kwon, Shin-Kyu Kang, Dong-Won Kim, Chang-Heon Cheong

    김선우, 권병일, 강신규, 김동원, 정창헌

    This study aims to examine the applicability and reliability of the LLM-as-a-Judge approach for literature classification using large language models (LLMs). To … + READ MORE
    This study aims to examine the applicability and reliability of the LLM-as-a-Judge approach for literature classification using large language models (LLMs). To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted on domestic research related to Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), and automated literature classification was performed using ChatGPT-5.1 under both zero-shot and few-shot settings. Subsequently, four researchers independently evaluated the appropriateness of the LLM-generated classification results. Inter-rater agreement and classification reliability were analyzed using final consensus rates, Fleiss’ kappa, and Gwet’s AC1 statistics. The results indicate that, even under the zero-shot setting, a meaningful level of agreement was observed between the LLM-based classification and human evaluations. However, under the few-shot setting—where predefined classification criteria established by the researchers were provided—the final consensus rate improved substantially to 95.83%. Despite an increase in observed inter-rater agreement in the few-shot condition, a decrease in Fleiss’ kappa was observed, corresponding to the well-known kappa paradox. Complementary analysis using Gwet’s AC1 confirmed the performance improvement of the few-shot approach. Overall, this study demonstrates that, rather than directly adopting automatically generated LLM outputs, combining clear, user-defined classification criteria with appropriate human intervention is effective in enhancing classification reliability and consistency in LLM-based literature classification. These findings may serve as a methodological foundation for future research trend analysis and automated literature classification in the field of building energy, including BEMS applications. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Effects of a Cervical Pillow on Sleep Quality, Physiological and Psychological Responses During a 7-Hour Nocturnal Sleep

    야간 7시간 수면 중 경추 베개 사용이 수면의 질 및 생리‧심리 반응에 미치는 영향

    Jae-Yeon Jung, Yonghyun Cho, Subin Chung, Joo-Young Lee

    정재연, 조용현, 정수빈, 이주영

    This study investigated the effects of a newly developed cervical pillow on sleep quality. Eight healthy males completed two sleep conditions, using … + READ MORE
    This study investigated the effects of a newly developed cervical pillow on sleep quality. Eight healthy males completed two sleep conditions, using a standard pillow (control) and the cervical pillow, each for 7 h (00:00–07:00) in a climate chamber (23.5°C and 46%RH). Sleep quality was assessed using electroencephalography (EEG), actigraphy, core/skin temperatures, neck muscle stiffness, and subjective evaluations. EEG analysis showed that the delta wave ratio was higher with the cervical pillow than with the control, particularly during the final hour of sleep (P = 0.054, Cohen’s d = 0.82), suggesting deeper sleep in the cervical pillow condition. Actigraphy revelaed no statistically significant differences in total movement, sleep efficiency, or number of awakenings, however, trends indicated reduced nocturnal movement with the cervical pillow. Distal skin temperatures (the hand and forearm) increased more rapidly during sleep onset with the cervical pillow, indicating more favorable thermoregulatory conditions for sleep initiation. Core temperature and mean skin temperature did not differ between conditions. Post-sleep measurements demonstrated that cervical pillow use led to greater reductions in neck muscle stiffness and tension following cervical pillow use compared with the control. Subjective assessments indicated lower morning fatigue and greater comfort with the cervical pillow, with five of eight subjects (63%) expressing a preference for it. These findings suggest that the cervical pillow may enhance both physiological and subjective aspects of sleep, likely through improved cervical support and head-neck alignment, highlighting its potential as a simple intervention to improve sleep quality in healthy adults. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Distribution and Determinants of Urinary Cadmium Levels in Korean Women: Focused Analysis on Age and Smoking using the 4th KoNEHS Data
    Sang Hee Hong
    Background: Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with an exceptionally long biological half-life, leading to significant cumulative exposure. This study characterized urinary … + READ MORE
    Background: Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with an exceptionally long biological half-life, leading to significant cumulative exposure. This study characterized urinary cadmium (U-Cd) distribution in Korean adults, with a specific focus on identifying high-exposure patterns and determinants among women using nationally representative biomonitoring data.Methods: Creatinine-corrected U-Cd levels were analyzed in 4,239 adults from the 4th Korea National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS). Weighted analyses were applied to account for the complex survey design. High exposure was defined as U-Cd levels at or above the 90th percentile (P90) and 95th percentile (P95). Smoking exposure was objectively assessed using urinary cotinine concentrations rather than self-reported data.Results: The weighted median U-Cd was 0.64 µg/g creatinine, with P90 and P95 at 1.51 and 1.97 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The high-exposure group (≥P90) was significantly older and predominantly female (84.2%), while their urinary cotinine levels were paradoxically lower than those in the non-high-exposure group. In weighted regression models specifically for women, age showed a significant positive association with U-Cd (β = 0.042, p < 0.001), whereas urinary cotinine showed no significant association (p = 0.615).Conclusions: These findings indicate that U-Cd primarily reflects long-term cumulative environmental exposure rather than short-term smoking behavior, a trend that is particularly evident in the female population. Targeted exposure reduction strategies should prioritize older women as a high-risk group for chronic cadmium accumulation. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Indoor Space Design for Mid- to High-rise Mass Timber Buildings based on Floor Structures and HVAC Strategies

    공학목재 기반 중고층 목조건축물의 바닥구조 및 공조설비 계획을 고려한 실내 공간설계 방안

    Sangmu Bae, Kyoung-Woo Kim, Do-Hun Kang, Hyun-Jung Choi

    배상무, 김경우, 강도훈, 최현중

    This study proposes indoor space design strategies for mass timber buildings by integrating floor structures and HVAC strategies. CLT(cross-laminated timber) slab-based floating … + READ MORE
    This study proposes indoor space design strategies for mass timber buildings by integrating floor structures and HVAC strategies. CLT(cross-laminated timber) slab-based floating and raised floor systems were designed based on domestic standards and previous studies, with floor assembly consisting of a 150 mm CLT slab, 40 mm resilient material, and 60 mm concrete topping. Under a floor height of 4,200 mm, the floating floor system with ceiling-based air distribution provided a ceiling height of 2,290 mm, while the raised floor system with underfloor air distribution achieved 2,550 mm, gaining an additional 260 mm by relocating HVAC equipment into the underfloor plenum. Consequently, only the raised floor system satisfied the 2.4 m ceiling height threshold associated with occupant psychological comfort. The findings provide quantitative evidence supporting integrated decision-making in floor system selection and HVAC strategies for mid-rise mass timber buildings. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Changes in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among Korean Adults Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

    코로나19 대유행 전‧후 한국 성인의 중‧고강도 신체활동 변화

    Eun Young Lee

    이은영

    This study aims to describe and compare moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Korean adults at multiple timepoints before and after the COVID-19 … + READ MORE
    This study aims to describe and compare moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Korean adults at multiple timepoints before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, including pre-pandemic (2019), early (2020), and later (2021) stages of the pandemic and to identify the factors associated with MVPA for each year. Data from 2019 to 2021 Korea Community Health Survey were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed. The proportion of adults meeting MVPA recommendations gradually decreased from 23.8% in 2019 to 19.2% in 2020 and 18.6% in 2021. We identified the characteristics of adults whose MVPA decreased in 2020 compared to 2019, and then increased again in 2021. Additionally, we identified MVPA correlates unrelated to COVID-19 and MVPA correlates whose impact changes before and after COVID-19. In conclusion, adults MVPA has decreased since COVID-19 pandemic compared to before. Policy makers and health professionals should increase their concern and focus on the decline in MVPA during the pandemic among female, old adults (>65 years old), low socioeconomic status group, and adults in poor health. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Assessment of Parameter Adequacy Based on Multi-Day Indoor Temperature Data

    다중일자 기반 실내온도 보정에 따른 매개변수 적합성 검토

    Bo-Kyoung Kang, Na-Kyeong Ha, Jung-Hoon Wee, Young-Tae Chae

    강보경, 하나경, 위정훈, 채영태

    Building energy consumption continues to rise, increasing interest in digital twin–based calibration for improving operational efficiency. The Nelder–Mead algorithm has been widely … + READ MORE
    Building energy consumption continues to rise, increasing interest in digital twin–based calibration for improving operational efficiency. The Nelder–Mead algorithm has been widely applied to building energy models, yet prior studies have focused more on prediction accuracy and computational efficiency than on the physical reliability of calibrated parameters. This study compares multi-day indoor temperature calibration with the conventional single-day approach. A floor of an office building was examined under non-HVAC operating conditions using indoor temperatures measured from 11 sensors. After preprocessing, sensors with high correlation (Pearson > 0.8) were averaged to obtain a representative indoor temperature. Six parameters—U-value, SHGC, infiltration, ventilation, and two cross-mixing rates—were calibrated within extended but plausible boundaries. Single-day calibration yielded the lowest mean CV(RMSE) of 2.42 ± 1.16%, while same-season and cross-season multi-day calibration showed 4.30% ± 2.60% and 3.70% ± 0.60%, respectively. Although multi-day calibration showed slightly higher errors, all cases satisfied the ASHRAE Guideline 14 criterion. Single-day calibration also showed more frequent convergence to boundary values, whereas this tendency was reduced under multi-day calibration, especially in cross-season cases. These results suggest that multi-day calibration can alleviate boundary convergence while keeping calibration errors within the ASHRAE Guideline 14 threshold, although envelope-related parameters still converged to boundary values in some cases. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Acoustic Performance of Recycled Glass Aggregate-Based Porous Concrete and Its Applicability through Café Space Simulation

    폐유리 골재 기반 포러스 콘크리트의 음향 성능 및 카페 공간 시뮬레이션을 통한 적용 가능성 평가

    Tae-Ho Park, Ha-Min Eu, Gyu-Yong Kim, Joo-Young Hong

    박태호, 유하민, 김규용, 홍주영

    This study evaluated the feasibility of porous concrete using waste glass aggregates as an acoustic building material. Mechanical properties and sound absorption … + READ MORE
    This study evaluated the feasibility of porous concrete using waste glass aggregates as an acoustic building material. Mechanical properties and sound absorption performance were examined, and room acoustic simulations were conducted using Odeon software. The results showed that the GB (Glass Bead) specimen exhibited the highest sound absorption performance, reaching a peak absorption coefficient of 0.71 at 1,000 Hz and a weighted sound absorption coefficient (aw) of 0.40, although it possessed very low mechanical strength. In contrast, LGS (Large Glass Sand) and SGS (Small Glass Sand) demonstrated balanced performance, with maximum absorption coefficients of 0.74 and 0.76 at 2,000 Hz, respectively, and aw values of 0.35 and 0.40. Simulation results indicated that replacing conventional concrete finishes with porous concrete reduced the Early Decay Time (EDT) by up to 33% and the reverberation time (T20), indicating an overall improvement in reverberation characteristics. In addition, D50 increased from 0.37 to 0.55, and C80 improved from 0.4 dB to 4.0 dB, suggesting enhanced acoustic clarity. Overall, while GB showed superior acoustic performance, its structural limitations restrict practical application. LGS and SGS are considered more suitable for non-structural acoustic finishing materials. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Job Burnout Associated with Work Environment among Physician Assistant Nurses: A Secondary Analysis of the 2025 Survey on Working Conditions of Health and Medical Workers

    진료지원간호사의 근무환경에 따른 직무소진: 2025년 보건의료노동자 실태조사를 이용한 이차자료분석

    Kyongok Park, Hanyi Lee, Hyeon Sik Chu

    박경옥, 이한이, 추현식

    This study examined the associations between work environment and job burnout among Physician Assistant Nurses (PANs) using data from the 2025 Survey … + READ MORE
    This study examined the associations between work environment and job burnout among Physician Assistant Nurses (PANs) using data from the 2025 Survey on Working Conditions of Health and Medical Workers. A total of 3,703 PANs were identified from the raw dataset. Differences in levels of job burnout were analyzed according to sociodemographic characteristics and work environment such as job characteristics and institutional attributes. The results indicated that although most PANs had more than three years of clinical experience, 10.6% had less than three years. Additionally, 53.6% worked rotating shifts, 59.7% had been performing PAN duties before the physician–government conflict, and 44.5% reported working without formal training. Higher job burnout was observed among those with more than three years of experience, those working rotating shifts, those with over one hour of daily overtime, those assigned before the conflict, those who had not received training, and those employed at teaching hospitals. These findings underscore the need for standardized PAN education and improvements in working conditions to alleviate burnout among PANs, thereby contributing to enhanced patient safety and improved healthcare quality. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Thermal Sensation Variability Using Wearable Sensor-based Physiological Data

    웨어러블 센서 기반 생체 데이터를 활용한 재실자 간 열감각 편차 분석

    Jiwon Kim, Naekyung Kim, Younghoon Kwak, Sunhye Mun

    김지원, 김내경, 곽영훈, 문선혜

    Thermal comfort is a subjective response shaped by physical, physiological, and psychological factors, yet conventional air-conditioning systems do not account for inter-individual … + READ MORE
    Thermal comfort is a subjective response shaped by physical, physiological, and psychological factors, yet conventional air-conditioning systems do not account for inter-individual variability, resulting in energy inefficiency and reduced occupant satisfaction. This study investigates variability in thermal sensation using physiological data collected from non-invasive wearable sensors. Field experiments were conducted during the heating season in a university classroom in South Korea, involving 15 participants under repeated conditions. Environmental, subjective, and physiological data were collected at 1-minute intervals. Mixed-effects modeling was employed to examine the relationship between thermal sensation and physiological responses. The results show substantial inter-individual differences in thermal sensation under identical indoor conditions. Thermal response patterns were classified into four types based on variation characteristics, and differences were primarily associated with skin temperature. Skin temperature also exhibited distinct temporal patterns across response types. These findings suggest the need to consider time-lagged relationships among thermal environment, thermal sensation, and physiological responses. The results provide a basis for interpreting the relationship between individual thermal sensation and physiological data. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Research Article

    Indoor Air Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Formaldehyde Exposured in Multi-Use Facilities for Sensitive Populations in Gwangju

    광주지역 민감계층 다중이용시설의 실내공기질 특성과 폼알데하이드 노출로 인한 건강위해성 평가

    Seo-Eun Jang, Ok-Hyun Park, Hwa-Jin Kong, Ji-Hye Kim, Tae-Hui Nam, Hong-Dae Jeon, Kyoung-Woo Min

    장서은, 박옥현, 공화진, 김지혜, 남태희, 전홍대, 민경우

    This study evaluated indoor air quality and conducted health risk assessments for facilities used by vulnerable populations in Gwangju, Korea. Total of … + READ MORE
    This study evaluated indoor air quality and conducted health risk assessments for facilities used by vulnerable populations in Gwangju, Korea. Total of 400 multi-use facilities, including medical institutions, daycare centers, postpartum care centers, and elderly care facilities, were investigated between 2020 and 2024. Measured parameters included PM10, PM2.5, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and total airborne bacteria. The distribution of pollutant concentrations reflected indoor activity patterns and seasonal ventilation characteristics of each facility type. The average concentrations of formaldehyde were 18.1 µg/m3 in medical institutions, 15.2 µg/m3 in daycare centers, 13.6 µg/m3 in elderly care facilities, and 29.2 µg/m3 in postpartum care centers. Deterministic risk assessment indicated that excess cancer risk for patients in medical institutions and mothers and newborns in postpartum care centers were below the acceptable level of 1 × 10–6. For other groups, excess cancer risk values exceeded 1 × 10–6 but remained below the maximum acceptable risk level of 1 × 10–4. Probabilistic risk assessment yielded results consistent with the deterministic evaluation. These findings suggest that indoor air quality management in facilities serving vulnerable populations should incorporate both concentration reduction and facility-specific risk management strategies. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026

  • Case Study

    A Case Analysis of Wind Tunnel Experiment on High-rise and Super High-rise Residential Buildings

    고층 및 초고층 주거용 건축물에 관한 풍동실험 사례 분석

    Won-Geun Lee, Tae-Seob Lim

    이원근, 임태섭

    In order to evaluate the design and safety of high-rise and super skyscraper residential buildings, this study analyzed design cases of high-rise … + READ MORE
    In order to evaluate the design and safety of high-rise and super skyscraper residential buildings, this study analyzed design cases of high-rise buildings. jonghabjeog-in yeongu gyeolgwaneun gocheung mich chogocheung jugeo geonmul seolgyeeseo pungdong silheom-ui jung-yoseong-eul hwag-insikyeo jueossseubnida. peulojegteu sihaeng jeon-e pungdong silheom-eul tonghae sujibdoen deiteoleul bunseoghago jeog-yongham-eulosseo geonmul-ui gujojeog anjeonseong-eul hyangsangsikil su issseubnida. ileohan gyeolgwaneun teughi gihu byeonhwalo inhan dayanghan punghyang-eul golyeohal ttae, seolgye dangyebuteo anjeon-eul hwagbohagi wihae pungdong silheom-i pilsujeog-im-eul boyeojubnida. ttalaseo hyanghu yeongueseoneun dayanghan punghyang-eul golyeohayeo seolgye mich inheoga gwajeong-eseo ‘sihaenglyeong’ gwa gat-eun deoug eomgyeoghan gijun-eul uimuhwahaeya handago jeanhabnida. ttohan, 25cheung isang gocheung geonmul-ui gyeong-u jang-gijeog-in anjeon-eul hwagbohagi wihae inheoga dangyebuteo sigong hu dangyekkaji pungdong silheom-eul deoug ganghwahaeya hal pil-yoseong-i issdago pyeong-gadoebnida. - COLLAPSE
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    30 April 2026
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