• Research Article

    A Study on the Measurement and Evaluation Methods of Sound Absorption Performance of Absorbing Materials Used in Noise Barriers

    방음판에 활용되는 흡음소재의 흡음계수 측정 및 평가 방법에 대한 실험적 고찰

    Soon-Seong Moon, Jun-Oh Yeon, Hee-Mo Goo, Wan-Ki Moon

    문순성, 연준오, 구희모, 문완기

    In this study, the applicability of normal-incidence sound absorption coefficients measured using the impedance tube method for predicting random-incidence absorption characteristics in … + READ MORE
    In this study, the applicability of normal-incidence sound absorption coefficients measured using the impedance tube method for predicting random-incidence absorption characteristics in a reverberation room was investigated through room acoustic simulation. Four types of porous sound-absorbing materials were tested, and their absorption coefficients were measured using both the impedance tube method and the reverberation room method in accordance with relevant standards. A numerical model of the reverberation room was developed using the ODEON software, and the model was calibrated by matching the simulated reverberation time with the measured reverberation time of the empty room. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the reverberation room conditions with test specimens installed. The normal-incidence absorption coefficients obtained from the impedance tube measurements were converted to octave bands and applied as input parameters for the simulation. The predicted reverberation time and corresponding absorption coefficients were compared with the measured results from the reverberation room. The results showed that discrepancies between measured and simulated reverberation time were observed, particularly in the low-frequency range. However, after calibration of boundary conditions, the simulated results showed good agreement with the measured reverberation room data across most frequency bands. In contrast, the use of averaged absorption properties resulted in increased deviations, especially at higher frequencies. These findings indicate that while direct application of impedance tube data has limitations due to differences in incidence conditions, calibrated room acoustic simulation can effectively improve the prediction accuracy. The study demonstrates the potential applicability of impedance tube measurements for predicting reverberation room absorption performance when appropriate model calibration is applied. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Requirements for Demonstration Testbeds to Enhance the Technology Readiness Levels of Construction Robotics

    건설 로보틱스 기술의 TRL 향상을 위한 실증형 테스트베드 구축 요건에 관한 연구

    Min-Geun Kim, Seung-Min Kim, Hyo-Jun Park, Dong-Geon Lee, Jeong-Hoon Lee

    김민근, 김승민, 박효준, 이동건, 이정훈

    Domestic construction robotics technologies have achieved meaningful progress in laboratory-level development and component validation. However, their transition to higher Technology Readiness Level … + READ MORE
    Domestic construction robotics technologies have achieved meaningful progress in laboratory-level development and component validation. However, their transition to higher Technology Readiness Level (TRL) stages remains limited due to the lack of integrated testbed environments capable of evaluating prototypes under realistic construction site conditions. This study analyzes the validation requirements of construction robotics technologies based on TRL stages and derives the essential requirements for demonstration-based testbeds. Through a review of smart construction policies, TRL definitions, robot test standards, safety standards, and relevant legal frameworks, the study classifies testbed requirements into technical, environmental, operational, and institutional components. The results indicate that TRL 5 requires partial process-level validation in relevant environments, TRL 6 requires integrated validation of robot-worker-equipment interactions, and TRL 7 requires full-scale demonstration under site-like environmental and safety conditions. Based on these findings, this study proposes facility, site, and institutional requirements for construction robotics testbeds, including indoor and outdoor test spaces, sensor and communication infrastructure, safety zones, power and data systems, and regulatory considerations. The proposed criteria are intended as planning-level minimum requirements rather than certification standards, and they can serve as a basis for demonstration infrastructure planning and commercialization support for construction robotics technologies. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Comparative Analysis of Body Composition, VO2max, and Lower Limb Muscle Function in Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes within Mixed-Sex Training Environment

    남녀 혼성 트레이닝 환경에서 청소년 태권도 선수의 성별에 따른 신체구성, 최대산소섭취량 및 하지 근기능 비교 분석

    Hyun-Bae Kim

    김현배

    This study aims to investigate sex differences in body composition, VO2max, lower limb muscle function in adolescent taekwondo athletes. A … + READ MORE
    This study aims to investigate sex differences in body composition, VO2max, lower limb muscle function in adolescent taekwondo athletes. A total of 26 athletes (14 males and 12 females) participated in this study. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). VO2max was measured through graded exercise testing, and lower limb muscle function was assessed by measuring standing long jump test and isokinetic muscle strength test. Isokinetic muscle strength test was performed at angular velocities of 60°/sec and 180°/sec using an isokinetic dynamometer. Female athletes demonstrated a significantly higher body fat percentage (p < .05), whereas male athletes showed significantly greater lean mass, Lean + BMC, and VO2max (p < .05, p < .001). No significant sex differences were observed in standing long jump performance. In isokinetic muscle strength, females exhibited greater flexor strength, while males showed higher extensor strength at 180°/sec (p < .05, p < .001). Sex-based differences were evident in body composition and muscle function, particularly under high-velocity conditions. These findings highlight the need for sex-specific training strategies in adolescent taekwondo athletes. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Priority Analysis of Institutional and Technical Constraints on Drone Utilization in Construction Sites

    건설현장 드론 활용의 제도적‧기술적 제약요인 우선순위 분석

    Sang-Hyeob Lee, Kyoung-Min An, Na-Hee Gwak, Chang-Heon Cheong, Jeong-Hoon Lee

    이상협, 안경민, 곽나희, 정창헌, 이정훈

    Drones have been increasingly applied in construction sites for land surveying, 3D mapping/modeling, progress monitoring, facility inspection, and safety management because they … + READ MORE
    Drones have been increasingly applied in construction sites for land surveying, 3D mapping/modeling, progress monitoring, facility inspection, and safety management because they can reduce work time and improve accessibility to hazardous or hard-to-reach areas. However, their practical use remains limited, particularly in urban or densely populated construction sites, due to institutional and technical Constraints. This study aims to identify Constraints to drone utilization in construction sites and to derive priorities for resolving them. Based on a literature review, eight Constraints were classified into institutional and technical factors, and a survey was conducted with 45 practitioners and experts who had experience using drones in construction-related tasks. The results show that the highest-ranked Constraints was unclear standards for calculating drone operation costs (M = 5.58, SD = 1.12), followed by the absence of inspection standards for drone-based work (M = 5.44, SD = 0.99) and privacy-related issues (M = 5.33, SD = 1.26). The reliability of the eight Constraints items was acceptable (Cronbach’s α = 0.837), and the Friedman test indicated a statistically significant difference among the Constraints, χ²(7) = 21.605, p = 0.003. These findings suggest that institutional Constraints, including cost-estimation standards, inspection criteria, privacy guidelines, and operator competency systems, should be addressed first to promote the practical adoption of drones in construction sites. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Comparing Perceptions of Service Robot Adoption in Multi-Family Housing Between Residents and Industry Stakeholders: Focusing on Acceptance Attitudes, Concerns, and Technological Needs

    공동주택 서비스로봇 도입에 대한 거주자와 산업종사자의 인식 비교: 수용태도, 우려사항, 기술수요를 중심으로

    In Tae Hwang, Gil Tae Kim, Byung Chang Kwag

    황인태, 김길태, 곽병창

    Service robots have been discussed primarily from the perspective of technological development, yet the spaces in which they actually operate are everyday … + READ MORE
    Service robots have been discussed primarily from the perspective of technological development, yet the spaces in which they actually operate are everyday architectural environments in multi-family housing, including corridors, elevators, and pedestrian paths. This study empirically examines how residents and industry stakeholders perceive service robot adoption, providing a basis for preparing residential environments in which robots and humans coexist. A survey was conducted with 128 respondents (63 residents and 65 employees of robot-related firms and research institutes). First, 95.2% of residents expressed a positive attitude toward adoption, while only 88.9% were willing to actually experience such services; a significant association was confirmed by Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.001). Second, concern patterns differed by age group at the descriptive level — privacy concerns decreased from 72.7% (20s) to 31.0% (40s), while safety concerns increased from 18.2% to 44.8% — but these differences did not reach statistical significance (χ² = 5.68, p = 0.058; χ² = 2.47, p = 0.290), warranting further verification in residential robot contexts. Third, respondents with children assigned higher priority to in-complex delivery services (U = 295.0, p = 0.005). Fourth, residents identified a broader range of technological needs than industry stakeholders (Welch’s t = 2.13, p = 0.036). These findings suggest that architectural planning should reflect differences by family structure and stakeholder perspective. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Effects of Wearing an Air-ventilated Cooling Vest on the Alleviation of Heat Strain in Young and Older Adults under Hot and Humid Conditions

    고온다습한 환경에서 공기순환식 냉각조끼 착용이 청년층과 고령층의 서열 부담 경감에 미치는 효과

    Yujean Ghim, Juhyun Moon, Yoon Jeong Baek, Joo-Young Lee

    김유진, 문주현, 백윤정, 이주영

    This study examined the effects of an air-ventilated vest on reducing heat strain in a hot and humid environment. Nine healthy young … + READ MORE
    This study examined the effects of an air-ventilated vest on reducing heat strain in a hot and humid environment. Nine healthy young males (24.6 ± 3.6 y) and nine healthy older males (60.4 ± 3.6 y) completed two experimental conditions at 33°C and 65%RH: an air-ventilated vest fan-off (CON, Control) and fan-on (ACV, Air-Cooling Vest). A trial consisted of a rest (20-min), two exercise bouts (20-min) separated by a seated break (10-min), and recovery (20-min) (90-min in total). Rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were significantly lower for ACV than for CON in both age groups. Body heat storage was significantly lower for ACV than for CON in both age groups: 67.7 ± 8.8 (ACV) vs. 79.5 ± 7.5 W·m-2 (CON) in young males and 36.6 ± 12.7 vs. 55.4 ± 9.5 W·m-2 in older males (P < 0.05). Heart rate did not differ significantly between the two vest conditions for both young and older groups. Clothing microclimate temperature and humidity in the innermost and outer layers during several experimental periods were reduced for ACV, although humidity remained above the comfort range. Thermal sensation and humidity sensation for older males were improved for ACV. These findings suggest that wearing air-ventilated vests could reduce thermo-physiological and psychological heat strain during work for older adults as well as young adults in hot and humid environments. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Association Between Physical Activity and Phase Angle in Korean Older Adults: Based on the 2024 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

    한국 노인의 신체활동과 위상각 간의 관련성: 2024년 국민건강영양조사를 중심으로

    Boo Geun Hwang

    황부근

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of total physical activity (TPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with phase … + READ MORE
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of total physical activity (TPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with phase angle (PhA) by sex among Korean older adults. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,530 Korean older adults aged ≥ 65 years (650 men and 880 women) who participated in the 2024 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Physical activity was assessed using the physical activity questionnaire included in the KNHANES and expressed as metabolic equivalent task (MET)-min/week. TPA was categorized into sex-specific quartiles, and MVPA was classified based on the WHO physical activity guidelines. PhA was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Complex sample general linear models and linear regression analyses were performed after adjustment for potential confounders. In women, adjusted mean PhA significantly increased across TPA quartiles, from 4.47° in Q1 to 4.63° in Q4 (p for trend < .001). In contrast, no significant linear trend was observed in men (p for trend = .124). In complex sample linear regression analyses, women in the third and fourth quartiles of TPA showed significantly higher PhA compared with those in the lowest quartile, even after additional adjustment for resistance exercise (Q3: β = 0.114, 95% CI = 0.010–0.218; Q4: β = 0.159, 95% CI = 0.066–0.253). In men, significant associations observed in the initial model were attenuated after adjustment for resistance exercise. MVPA was not independently associated with PhA in either sex, and no significant linear trends were identified across MVPA categories. These findings suggest that overall physical activity volume, including habitual daily movement, may be more closely associated with cellular health than engagement in MVPA alone in older adults. Additionally, resistance exercise may partly explain the association between TPA and PhA in older men. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026

  • Research Article

    Analysis of Smart Clothing Demand and Its Influencing Factors among Outdoor Sports Participants

    아웃도어 스포츠 참여자의 스마트 의류 요구와 영향 요인 분석

    Eun-Young Song, Chang-Hee Choi

    송은영, 최창희

    This study investigated the needs for smart clothing among outdoor sports participants and identified the factors associated with these needs. A survey … + READ MORE
    This study investigated the needs for smart clothing among outdoor sports participants and identified the factors associated with these needs. A survey was conducted with 324 participants attending a sports camping event held in Buan, South Korea, between July and August 2024. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results showed that breathability (53.7%), elasticity (32.7%), and mobility (26.9%) were the most preferred functions in outdoor sportswear. For smart clothing, health and activity monitoring (48.5%), environmental adaptation and protection (48.1%), and safety and location-based functions (46.6%) were the most desired features. Smart clothing demand was positively correlated with functional apparel needs, environmental sensitivity, physical strain, and participation motivation. In the final regression model, functional apparel needs were identified as the only significant independent predictor of smart clothing demand (β = .233, p < .01). Activity characteristics, environmental sensitivity, physical strain, wearable technology barriers, and participation motivation were not identified as independent predictors in the final model. These findings suggest that smart clothing demand is more strongly associated with users’ functional apparel needs than with activity participation levels or personal characteristics. Future smart outdoor clothing should therefore focus on providing practical functions related to health monitoring, environmental adaptation, and safety. - COLLAPSE
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    30 June 2026
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